On three types of sea breeze in Qingdao of East China: an observational analysis

Our knowledge of sea breeze remains poor in the coastal area East China, due largely to high terrain heterogeneity. Five–year (2016–2020) consecutive wind observations from a 10-m tower and radar profiler are used characterize sea–land at Qingdao, city China. The surface temperatures nearby buoy station Yellow Sea further elucidate land–sea thermal contrast. First all, three types determined according temporal evolution direction, including pure (PSB), corkscrew (CSB) backdoor (BSB). Statistically, there 522 days experiencing breezes, which 61 belong breeze, 40 witness only 2 see breeze. occurrence is found peak April September average speed lies 3–5 m s −1 . This suggests salient seasonality likely caused by seasonal dependence In terms diurnal variability, breezes tend occur more frequently have intensity afternoon compared with morning, irrespective types. Interestingly, merely observed autumn, whereas can be year round. Among all has highest most frequency throughout daytime, same seasons spring, summer autumn. Further analyses conduced atmospheric circulation, lower troposphere stability bulk Richard number (Ri) for Both Qingdao characterized prevailing westerlies 500 hPa. contrast, generally accompanied easterlies 850 Meanwhile, lowest stability, sharp contrast indicates that (pure breeze) tends an unstable (stable) troposphere. findings obtained here highlight importance typing